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Root System Literature

View the poster from the Landscape Below Ground III Conference held at the Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois.

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  1. Priority Substances List Assessment: Road Salt. 2001. Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 Environment Canada: Health Canada
  2. ANSI Z60.1 American Standard for Nursery Stock. 2004. American Nursery and Landscape AssociationAccessed: (USDA), U. S. D. o. A. 1974. Your Tree's Trouble May be You! 372. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area Upper Darby, Pennsylvania
  3. Abadía, J., F. Morales, and A. Abadía. 1999. Photosystem II efficiency in low chlorophyll, iron-deficient leaves. Plant and Soil 215(2):183-192.
  4. Abadía, J., F. Morales, and A. Abadía. 1999. Photosystem II efficiency in low chlorophyll, iron-deficient leaves. Plant and Soil 215(2):183-192.
  5. Abe, K. and M. Iwamoto. 1986. An evaluation of tree-root effect on slope stability by tree-root strength. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society 68(12):505-510.
  6. Adams, M. E. 1966. A study in ecology of Acacia mellifera, A. seyal and Balanites aegyptiaca in relation to land-clearing. Journal of Applied Ecology 4:221-237.
  7. Aguirre, P. B., Y. K. Al-Hinai, T. R. Roper, and A. R. Krueger. 2001. Apple Tree Rootstock and Fertilizer Application Timing Affect Nitrogen Uptake. HortScience 36(7):1202-1205.
  8. Airhart, D. 2005. Nursery tree depth projects. p. 10 In: Getting the Roots Right. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL.
  9. Alaoui, A. and A. Helbling. 2006. Evaluation of soil compaction using hydrodynamic water content variation: Comparison between compacted and non-compacted soil. Geoderma 134(1-2):97-108.
  10. Alarcon, J. J., M. F. Ortuno, E. Nicolas, R. Torres, and A. Torrecillas. 2005. Compensation heat-pulse measurements of sap flow for estimating transpiration in young lemon trees. Biologia Plantarum 49(4):527-532.
  11. Alberti, M. 2005. The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional Science Review 28(2):168-192.
  12. Alberty, C. A., H. M. Pellett, and D. H. Taylor. 1984. Characterization of soil compaction at construction sites and woody plant response. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2(2):48-53.
  13. Albrecht, G. and S. Biemelt. 1998. A comparative study on carbohydrate reserves and ethanolic fermentation in the roots of two wetland and non-wetland species after commencement of hypoxia. Physiologia Plantarum 104:81-86.
  14. Alcántara, E., A. M. Cordeiro, and D. Barranco. 2003. Selection of olive varieties for tolerance to iron chlorosis. Journal of Plant Physiology 160(12):1467-1472.
  15. Allmaras, R. R., J. M. Kraft, and D. E. Miller. 1988. Effects of soil compaction and incorporated crop residue on root health. Annual Review of Phytopathology 26:219-243.
  16. Altherr, W., D. Blumer, H. Oldörp, and P. Nagel. 2007. How do stakeholders and legislation influence the allocation of green space on brownfield redevelopment projects? Five case studies from Switzerland, Germany and the UK. Business Strategy and the Environment 16(7):512-522.
  17. Alvey, A. A. 2006. Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 5(4):195-201.
  18. Americast. 2004. Filterra® Stormwater Bioretention Filtration System. Amoozegar, A. 1989. Comparison of the Glover solution with the simultaneous-equations approach for measuring hydraulic conductivity. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53:1362-1367.
  19. Andersen, P. C., P. B. Lombard, and M. N. Westwood. 1984. Effect of root anaerobiosis on the water relations of several Pyrus species. Physiologia Plantarum 62(2):245-252.
  20. Anderson, L. M., A. L. Clark, and D. H. Marx. 1983. Growth of oak seedlings with specific ectomycorhrizae in urban stress environments. Journal of Arboriculture 9(6):156-159.
  21. Anderson, L. M. and H. K. Cordell. 1988. Influence of trees on residential property values in Athens, Georgia (U.S.A.): A survey based on actual sales prices. Landscape and Urban Planning 15:153-164.
  22. Anella, L. B. and T. H. Whitlow. 1999. Flood-tolerance ranking of red and Freeman maple cultivars. Journal of Arboriculture 25(1):31-37.
  23. Angers, D. A. and J. Caron. 1998. Plant-induced Changes in Soil Structure: Processes and Feedbacks Biogeochemistry 42(1-2):55-72.
  24. ANSI. 1998. (Part 2) for Tree Care Operations--Tree, Shrub and Other Woody Plant Maintenance--Standard Practices.
  25. ANSI. 2004. ANSI A300 (Part 2) for Tree Care Operations--Tree, Shrub and Other Woody Plant Maintenance--Standard Practices. Vol. (Revision of 1998 Standard). American National Standards Institute, New York.
  26. Ansley, R. J., W. A. Dugas, M. L. Heuer, and B. A. Trevino. 1994. Stem flow and porometer measurements of transpiration from honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa). Journal of Experimental Botany 45(275):847-856.
  27. Aphalo, P. J. and P. G. Jarvis. 1991. Do stomata respond to relative humidity? Plant, Cell and Environment 14:127-132.
  28. Appleton, B. L. and L. T. Chaplin. 2001. New York/Mid-Atlantic Gardener's Book of Lists. Cooper Square Press, Lanham, MD.
  29. Appleton, B. L., J. Horsley, and V. Harris. 2002. Trees for Parking Lots and Paved Areas. 430-028430-028. Virginia Cooperative Extension
  30. Armstrong, W., T. C. Booth, P. Priestley, and D. J. Read. 1976. The relationship between soil aeration, stability and growth of sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) on upland peaty gleys. Journal of Applied Ecology 13(2):585-591.
  31. Armstrong, W. and T. J. Gaynard. 1976. The critical oxygen pressures for respiration in intact plants. Physiologia Plantarum 37(3):200-206.
  32. Arnold, M. A., G. V. McDonald, and D. L. Bryan. 2005. Planting depth and mulch thickness affect establishment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and bougainvillea goldenraintree (Koelreuteria bipinnata). Journal of Arboriculture 31(4):163-170.
  33. Arnold, M. A., G. V. McDonald, D. L. Bryan, G. C. Denny, W. T. Watson, and L. Lombardini. 2007. Below-grade planting adversely affects survival and growth of tree species from five different families. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 33(1):64-69.
  34. Arnold, M. A., G. V. McDonald, D. L. Bryan, G. C. Denny, W. T. Watson, and L. Lombardini. 2007. Below-grade planting adversely affects survival and growth of tree species from five different families. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(1):64-69.
  35. Arnold, M. A. and E. Young. 1990. Growth and protein content of apple in response to root and shoot temperature following chilling. HortScience 25:1583-1588. Asady, G. H. and A. J. M. Smucker. 1989. Compaction and root modifications of soil aeration. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53:251-254.
  36. ASAE. 1992. ASAE Standard. Vol. S313.2. American Society of Agricultural Engineers
  37. ASTM. 1999. Standard test method for moisture content penetration resistance relationships of fine-grained soils. in Annual Book of ASTM StandardsVol. 4.08. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
  38. ASTM. 2003. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3))-1, D 698-00a.
  39. ASTM. 2006. D1883-05 Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils.
  40. Atkinson, D., K. E. Black, P. J. Forbes, J. E. Hooker, J. A. Baddeley, and C. A. Watson. 2003. The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and environment on root development in soil. European Journal of Soil Science 54(4):751-757.
  41. Atkinson, D. and L. A. Mackie-Dawson. Root growth: Methods of measurement. Atwell, B. J. 1993. Response of roots to mechanical impedance. Environmental and Experimental Botany 33(1):27-40.
  42. Atzmon, N., E. Salomon, O. Reuveni, and J. Riov. 1994. Lateral root formation in pine seedlings. Trees: Structure and Function 8(6):268-272.
  43. Aust, W. M., J. A. Burger, G. A. Scheerer, M. D. Tippett, and W. H. McKee, Jr. 1998. Amelioration of compacted and rutted skid trails on wet pine flats: fourth-year results. General Technical Report Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service Asheville, North Carolina 386-391.
  44. Avery, T. E. and H. E. Burkhart. 2002. Forest Measurements. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York.
  45. Baker, J. B. and O. G. Langdon. 1990. Pinus taeda L.--loblolly pine. pp. 497-512 In: Silvics of North America: Volume 1. Conifers. Vol. Agriculture Handbook 654. R. M. Burns and B. H. Honkala, ed. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service
  46. Balasubramanyan, S. and M. I. Manivannan. 2008. Root pattern studies in acid lime in silt clay soils. The Asian Journal of Horticulture 3(2):241-245.
  47. Ball, B. C., D. J. Campbell, J. T. Douglas, J. K. Henshall, and M. F. O'Sullivan. 1997. Soil structural quality, compaction and land management. European Journal of Soil Science 48:593-601.
  48. Ballantyne, A. B. 1916. Fruit tree root systems: Spread and depth. Bulletin 143. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Logan, UT
  49. Bannan, M. W. 1940. The root systems of northern Ontario conifers growing in sand. American Journal of Botany 27(2):108-114.
  50. Barley, K. 1963. Influence of soil strength on growth of roots. Soil Science Society of America Journal 96(1):175-180.
  51. Barley, K. P. 1954. Effects of root growth and decay on permeability of synthetic sandy loam. Soil Science Society of America Journal 78:205-211.
  52. Barley, K. P. 1965. The effect of localized pressure on the growth of the maize radicle. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 18:499-503.
  53. Barnett, D. 1986. Root Growth and Water use by newly transplanted woody landscape plants. The Public Garden 1:23-25.
  54. BarTal, A. and E. Pressman. 1996. Root restriction and potassium and calcium solution concentrations affect dry-matter production, cation uptake, and blossom-end rot in greenhouse tomato. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121(4):649-655.
  55. Bartens, J., S. D. Day, J. R. Harris, J. E. Dove, and T. M. Wynn. 2008. Can urban tree roots improve infiltration through compacted subsoils for stormwater management? Journal of Environmental Quality 37(6):2048-2057.
  56. Bassett, I., R. Simcock, and N. Mitchell. 2005. Consequences of soil compaction for seedling establishment: Implications for natural regeneration and restoration. Austral Ecology 30(8):827-833.
  57. Bassuk, N. 2008. CU-Soil: An update after more than a decade of use in the urban environment. City Trees (Jan/Feb):16-19.
  58. Bassuk, N., D. F. Curtis, B. Marranca, and B. Neal. 2009. Recommended urban trees: Site assessment and tree selection for stress tolerance. Urban Horticulture Institute, Ithaca, NY.
  59. Bassuk, N., J. Grabosky, and P. Trowbridge. 2005. Using Structural SoilTM in the Urban Environment.
  60. Bassuk, N., J. Grabosky, P. Trowbridge, and J. Urban. 1998. Structural Soil: An innovative medium under pavement that improves street tree vigor. American Society of Landscape Architects Annual Meeting (ASLA), 1998.
  61. Bassuk, N. L. and A. Rivenshield. 2007. Using organic amendments to decrease bulk density and increase macroporosity in compacted soils. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(2):140-146.
  62. Bathke, G. R., D. K. Cassel, W. L. Hargrove, and P. M. Porter. 1992. Modification of soil physical properties and root growth response. Soil Science 154(4):316-329.
  63. Becker, P. and A. Castillo. 1990. Root architecture of shrubs and saplings in the understory of a tropical moist forest in lowland Panama. Biotropica 22(3):242-249.
  64. Becker, P., N. Sharbini, and R. Yahya. 1999. Root Architecture and Root: Shoot Allocation of Shrubs and Saplings in Two Lowland Tropical Forests: Implications for Life-Form Composition. Biotropica 31(1):93-101.
  65. Beeson, R. C., Jr., M. A. Arnold, T. E. Bilderback, B. Bolusky, S. Chandler, H. M. Gramling, J. D. Lea-Cox, J. R. Harris, P. J. Klinger, H. M. Mathers, J. M. Ruter, and T. H. Yeager. 2004. Strategic vision of container nursery irrigation in the next ten years. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22(2):113-115.
  66. Belcher, J. W., P. A. Keddy and L. Twolan-Strutt. 1995. Root and shoot competition intensity along a soil depth gradient. Journal of Ecology 83(4):673-682.
  67. Bell, D. T. and E. L. Johnson. 1974. Flood-caused tree mortality around Illinois reservoirs. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 67(1):28-37.
  68. Belsky, A. J. 1994. Influences of trees on savanna productivity: Tests of shade, nutrients, and tree-grass competition. Ecology 75(4):922-932.
  69. Bengough, A. B. and C. E. Mullins. 1990. Mechanical impedance to root growth: A review of experimental techniques and root growth responses. Journal of Soil Science 41:341-358.
  70. Bengough, A. G., C. Croser, and J. Pritchard. 1997. A biophysical analysis of root growth under mechanical stress. Plant and Soil 189(1):155-164.
  71. Bengough, A. G., C. J. Mackenzie, and H. E. Elangwe. 1994. Biophysics of the growth responses of pea roots to changes in penetration resistance. Plant and Soil 167:135-141.
  72. Bengough, A. G. and I. M. Young. 1993. Root elongation of seedling peas through layered soil of different penetration resistances. Plant and Soil 149:129-139.
  73. Bennie, A. T. P. and R. D. T. Burger. 1981. Root characteristics of different crops as affected by mechanical resistance in fine sandy soils. pp. 29-32 In: Proc. 10th Natl. Conf. Soil Sci. Soc. of S. Africa, East London.
  74. Bernstein, N. and U. Kafkafi. 2002. Root growth under salinity stress. In: Plant Roots: The hidden half. 3rd ed. Y. Waisel, A. Eshel, and U. Kafkafi, ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
  75. Berrang, P., D. F. Karnosky, and B. J. Stanton. 1985. Environmental factors affecting tree health in New York City. Journal of Arboriculture 11(6):185-189.
  76. Betanowny, K. H. and A. M. A. Wahab. 1973. Eco-physiological studies in desert plants. VIII. Root penetration of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forsk.) Decne. in relation to its water balance. Oecologia 11:151-161.
  77. Bethenod, O., F. Tardieu, and N. Katerji. 1996. Relationship between net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in leaves of field-grown maize subjected to soil compaction or soil drying. Photosynthetica 32(3):367-379.
  78. Bethlahmy, N. 1962. First year effects of timber removal on soil moisture. Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology 7:34-38.
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  80. Biemelt, S., U. Keetman, and G. Albrecht. 1998. Re-aeration following hypoxia or anoxia leads to activation of the antioxidative defense system in roots of wheat seedlings. Plant Physiology 116:651-658.
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  83. Birch, G. F. and A. Scollen. 2003. Heavy metals in road dust, gully pots and parkland soils in a highly urbanized sub-catchment of Port Jackson, Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41(7):1329-1342.
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  85. Biswell, H. H. 1935. Effects of environment upon root habits of certain decidious forest trees. Botanical Gazette 96(4):676-708.
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